@article {8225, title = {Phylotranscriptomics resolves ancient divergences in the Lepidoptera}, journal = {Systematic EntomologySystematic Entomology}, volume = {Early View}, year = {2016}, edition = {2016-11-23}, abstract = {

Classic morphological studies of the oldest, so-called nonditrysian lineages of Lepidoptera yielded a well-resolved phylogeny, supported by the stepwise origin of the traits characterizing the clade Ditrysia, which contains over 98\% of extant lepidopterans. Subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular studies have robustly supported many aspects of the morphological hypothesis and strongly contradicted others, while leaving some relationships unsettled. Here we bring the greatly expanded gene sampling of RNA-Seq to bear on nonditrysian phylogeny, especially those aspects that were not conclusively resolved by the combination of morphology and previous PCR-based multi-gene studies. We analysed up to 2212 genes in each of 28 species representing all 12 superfamilies and 15 of 21 families of nonditrysians, plus trichopteran outgroups and representative Ditrysia. Our maximum likelihood phylogeny estimates used both nonsynonymous changes only (degen1 coding) and all nucleotides (nt123) partitioned by codon position, recovering a novel hypothesis for early glossatan relationships that is the most strongly supported to date. We find strong support for Micropterigidae alone as the sister group to all other Lepidoptera, in agreement with morphology and early molecular evidence, but in contrast to recent PCR-based studies. Also very strongly supported are the previously recognized clades Angiospermivora, Heteroneura, Eulepidoptera and Euheteroneura. Finally, we find strong support for paraphyly of the southern hemisphere family Palaephatidae, with the South American genus Palaephatus Butler forming the previously undetermined sister group to Ditrysia. The remaining palaephatids, Australian and South American, form the sister group to Tischeriidae.

}, keywords = {Enteucha acetosae, Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae, Nepticuloidea, Non-Ditrysia, Opostegidae, phylogeny, Pseudopostega quadristrigella, Transcriptomes}, doi = {10.1111/syen.12217}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syen.12217/full}, author = {Bazinet, Adam L. and Mitter, Kim T. and Davis, Donald R. and Nieukerken, Erik J. van and Cummings, Michael P. and Mitter, Charles} } @article {8228, title = {The Ando-Patagonian Stigmella magnispinella group (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae) with description of new species from Ecuador, Peru and Argentina}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4200}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, month = {2016-12-01}, pages = {561-579}, edition = {2016-12-01}, abstract = {

On the basis of morphological studies of collection samples from the Andes (Ecuador, Peru and Argentina), we describe five new species of Stigmella Schrank (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae): S. varispinella Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov. (Ecuador), S. olekarsholti Remeikis Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov., S. magnispinella Remeikis \& Stonis, sp. nov. (Peru), S. dolia Remeikis \& Stonis, sp. nov., and S. patagonica Remeikis \& Stonis, sp. nov. (Argentina). All treated taxa belong to the newly designated S. magnispinella group. Images of adults and genitalia, pictorial keys, a distribution map , and photographs of the leaf-mines of S. olekarsholti are included. \ 

}, keywords = {Andes, Argentina, Ecuador, Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae, New species, Peru, Stigmella dolia, Stigmella magnispinella, Stigmella magnispinella group, Stigmella olekarsholti, Stigmella patagonica, Stigmella varispinella}, isbn = {1175-5334}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4200.4.7}, url = {http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4200.4.7}, author = {Stonis, Jonas R. and Remeikis, Andrius and Di{\v s}kus, Arunas and Gerulaitis, Virginijus} } @conference {8222, title = {Phylogeny and divergence times of pygmy leafmining moths (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), the earliest lepidopteran radiation on angiosperms?}, booktitle = {XXV International Congress of Entomology}, year = {2016}, month = {2016-09-25}, pages = {3065}, publisher = {Entomological Society of America}, organization = {Entomological Society of America}, address = {Orlando, Florida, USA}, abstract = {

Nepticulidae are amongst the earliest radiating Lepidoptera, with a fossil record of larval leafmines from the Albian onwards. We present a phylogeny and analysis of divergence times based on eight molecular markers, a taxonset of ca 350 exemplars, representing almost all (sub)generic groupings. The support for the monophyly of most clades is high, but not all previous groupings are recovered. Ectoedemia s.l. with several subgenera is not monophyletic, but all subgenera are. The small genus Enteucha is sistergroup to all other Nepticulidae in most analyses, but close to Stigmella in others. The large genus Stigmella is divided in three well supported clades, two of which harbour most tropical species. In our new classification we abandon subgenera and subfamilial ranks. The resulting genera are not only supported by several morphological apomorphies, several have specific biologies, a limited host plant choice and a limited biogeography. Particularly the Neotropics show separate clades. Using two fossil calibration points, we estimate the divergence times of genera and discuss their congruence with other recent insights in Lepidoptera diversification dating estimates. The estimated 95\% confidence interval for the origin of Nepticulidae falls almost completely within the Early Cretaceous. Almost all of the currently recognized genera are estimated to have originated before the end of the Cretaceous, 66 mya. Considering that Nepticulidae are the first larger group of Lepidoptera, with 850 named and 2000 assumed species, specialising in angiosperm feeding, we postulate that also geologically the Nepticulidae formed the first larger group of Lepidoptera, radiating on angiosperms.

}, keywords = {Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae, phylogeny, Time tree}, doi = {10.1603/ICE.2016.113027}, author = {Doorenweerd, Camiel and Nieukerken, Erik J. van and Hoare, Robert J. B.} } @article {8223, title = {Stigmella aceris (Frey, 1857) (Lep:Nepticulidae) {\textendash} a new host plant:}, journal = {LeafminesNewsletter}, volume = {31}, number = {November}, year = {2016}, month = {2016-11-02}, pages = {9}, abstract = {

Stigmella aceris has been slowly spreading through central England and David Manning found thesecond record of this species in Northamptonshire, VC 32, in Castle Ashby gardens on 20.x.2016.The host plant was Acer cappadocicum (Cappadocian Maple). This appears to be the first record forthis host in the UK, although it is found on this tree in Europe.

}, keywords = {Great Britain, Leafmines, Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae, New host-record, Stigmella aceris}, url = {http://leafmines.co.uk/pdfs/newsletter31.pdf}, author = {Edmunds, Rob} } @article {8224, title = {Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean p{\'a}ramo and puna}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4181}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, month = {2016-11-01}, pages = {1-94}, edition = {2016-11-01}, abstract = {

The monograph treats 29 species of leaf-mining pygmy moths (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae) discovered in the northern Andean bush and grass p\áramo and the central Andean puna at altitudes above 3700 m. They represent the world\’s highest-altitudinal Nepticulidae fauna known. The height record belongs to Stigmella nivea sp. nov. from Peru collected at an elevation of 4700 m. Except for one species, all belong to Stigmella Schrank. Twenty-two of the species recorded are new and are named and described in the current paper: Stigmella paramica Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. lachemillae Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. gynoxyphaga Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. calceolariae Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. rigida Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. altiplanica Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. robusta Remeikis \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. pseudorobusta Remeikis \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. auriargentata Remeikis \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. altimontana Remeikis \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. pandora Remeikis \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. ampla Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. evanida Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. mustelina Remeikis \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. angusta Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. alticosma Remeikis \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. nivea Remeikis \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. kristenseni Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. lobata Remeikis \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. ageratinae Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov.; S. clinopodiella Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov.; and S. calceolarifoliae Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov. Some of these species are leaf-miners on Asteraceae (Pentacalia, Baccharis, Gynoxys, and Ageratina plants), Calceolariaceae (Calceolaria), Lamiaceae (Clinopodium), and Rosaceae (Lachemilla).Twenty species are known only from adults with no data on their biology and host-plants. In addition, we present data and discuss recently discovered nepticulid taxa associated with Polylepis forests that is the natural vegetation in much of the High Andes. All High-Andean Stigmella species treated are illustrated with photographs of the adults and genitalia, distribution maps, including some with photographs of the leaf-mines and habitats.

}, keywords = {Andes, Ecuador, Glaucolepis aerifica, hostplants, Leafminers, Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae, New species, Peru, Stigmella, Stigmella ageratinae, Stigmella alticosma, Stigmella altimontana, Stigmella altiplanica, Stigmella ampla, Stigmella andina, Stigmella angusta, Stigmella auriargentata, Stigmella calceolariae, Stigmella calceolarifoliae, Stigmella clinopodiella, Stigmella confertae, Stigmella evanida, Stigmella gynoxyphaga, Stigmella imperatoria, Stigmella kristenseni, Stigmella lachemillae, Stigmella lobata, Stigmella marmorea, Stigmella mustelina, Stigmella nivea, Stigmella pandora, Stigmella paramica, Stigmella pseudorobusta, Stigmella rigida, Stigmella robusta, Stigmella schoorli, Stigmella tripartita}, isbn = {1175-5334}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4181.1.1}, url = {http://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4181.1.1}, author = {Stonis, Jonas R and Di{\v s}kus, Arunas and Remeikis, Andrius and Gerulaitis, Virginijus and Karsholt, Ole} } @article {8219, title = {Species-level para- and polyphyly in DNA barcode gene trees: strong operational bias in European Lepidoptera}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, volume = {65}, number = {6}, year = {2016}, month = {2016-10}, pages = {1024-1040}, edition = {2016-06-10}, abstract = {

The proliferation of DNA data is revolutionizing all fields of systematic research. DNA barcode sequences, now available for millions of specimens and several hundred thousand species, are increasingly used in algorithmic species delimitations. This is complicated by occasional incongruences between species and gene genealogies, as indicated by situations where conspecific individuals do not form a monophyletic cluster in a gene tree. In two previous reviews, nonmonophyly has been reported as being common in mitochondrial DNA gene trees. We developed a novel web service \“Monophylizer\” to detect non-monophyly in phylogenetic trees and used it to ascertain the incidence of species nonmonophyly in COI (a.k.a. cox1) barcode sequence data from4977 species and 41,583 specimens of European Lepidoptera, the largest data set ofDNAbarcodes analyzed fromthis regard. Particular attention was paid to accurate species identification to ensure data integrity.We investigated the effects of tree-building method, sampling effort, and other methodological issues, all of which can influence estimates of non-monophyly.We found a 12\% incidence of non-monophyly, a value significantly lower than that observed in previous studies.Neighbor joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods yielded almost equal numbers of non-monophyletic species, but 24.1\% of these cases of non-monophyly were only found by one of these methods. Non-monophyletic species tend to show either low genetic distances to their nearest neighbors or exceptionally high levels of intraspecific variability. Cases of polyphyly in COI trees arising as a result of deep intraspecific divergence are negligible, as the detected cases reflected misidentifications or methodological errors. Taking into consideration variation in sampling effort, we estimate that the true incidence of non-monophyly is \∼23\%, but with operational factors still being included. Within the operational factors, we separately assessed the frequency of taxonomic limitations (presence of overlooked cryptic and oversplit species) and identification uncertainties. We observed that operational factors are potentially present in more than half (58.6\%) of the detected cases of non-monophyly. Furthermore,we observed that in about 20\% of non-monophyletic species and entangled species, the lineages involved are either allopatric or parapatric\—conditions where species delimitation is inherently subjective and particularly dependent on the species concept that has been adopted. These observations suggest that species-level non-monophyly in COI gene trees is less common than previously supposed, with many cases reflecting misidentifications, the subjectivity of species delimitation or other operational factors. [DNA barcoding; gene tree; Lepidoptera; mitochondrial COI; mitochondrial cox1; paraphyly; polyphyly; species delimitation; species monophyly.]

}, keywords = {Lepidoptera}, doi = {10.1093/sysbio/syw044}, url = {http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/06/02/sysbio.syw044.abstract}, author = {Marko Mutanen and Sami M. Kivel{\"a} and Rutger A. Vos and Camiel Doorenweerd and Sujeevan Ratnasingham and Axel Hausmann and Peter Huemer and Vlad Dinc{\u a} and Erik J. van Nieukerken and Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde and Roger Vila and Leif Aarvik and Thibaud Deca{\"e}ns and Konstantin A. Efetov and Paul D. N. Hebert and Arild Johnsen and Ole Karsholt and Mikko Pentinsaari and Rodolphe Rougerie and Andreas Segerer and Gerhard Tarmann and Reza Zahiri and H. Charles J. Godfray} } @article {8217, title = {Do leaf-mining Nepticulidae occur in the~natural but so threatened Andean Polylepis forests?}, journal = {Biologija}, volume = {62}, year = {2016}, month = {September-2016}, pages = {83-97}, abstract = {

Despite the\  fact that Polylepis forests constitute the\  natural but threatened vegetation in much of the\  high Andes and are very important for their ecological functions, no leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Nepticuloidea) associated with Polylepis Ruiz\  \&\  Pav. as a\  host-plant have been recorded previously. In this paper, for the first time, we report on four discoveries of Polylepis-feeding Nepticulidae species in Ecuador and Peru. From the high Andes of Peru, we describe a new species Stigmella polylepiella Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov., whose larvae throughout all instars are leaf-miners in leaves of Polylepis racemosa Ruiz \& Pav. and spin a unique shaped cocoon inside the leaf-mine. We also provide illustrations and short descriptions of male genitalia and leaf-mines of two other new Stigmella Schrank species, whose larvae are leaf-miners on Polylepis pauta Hieron. in Ecuador; these two taxa are documented but left unnamed because they are described from dissected developed pupae, not emerged adults. Additionally, we document leaf-mines of an unknown Nepticulidae taxon associated with Polylepis racemosa in the Peruvian Andes.

}, keywords = {Conservation, Ecuador, Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae, New species, Peru, Rosaceae, Stigmella polylepiella}, issn = {1392-0146}, doi = {10.6001/biologija.v62i2.3334}, url = {http://lmaleidykla.lt/ojs/index.php/biologija/article/view/3334}, author = {Stonis, Jonas R. and Di{\v s}kus, Arunas and Remeikis, Andrius and Karsholt, Ole} } @article {8192, title = {The first record of Baccharis L. (Asteraceae) as a host-plant genus for Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera), with description of new Stigmella species from South America}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4136}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, month = {2016-07-05}, pages = {101-128}, edition = {2016-07-05}, abstract = {

We record the first Nepticulidae species found to feed on Baccharis L. (Asteraceae). Despite the high species richness of Baccharis in the Western Hemisphere, no nepticulid has ever been recorded feeding on Baccharis. In this paper we describe six new Stigmella Schrank species feeding on Baccharis: S. emarginatae Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov., S. bipartita Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov., S. tripartita Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov., S. latifoliae Remeikis, Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov., S. baccharicola Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov., and S. confertae Di\škus \& Stonis, sp. nov. The remaining two taxa are left unnamed. All taxa are illustrated with photographs of adults, their genitalia, and their leaf-mines. Additionally, leaf-mines on Baccharis salicifolia are documented.

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, Baccharis, Colombia, Ecuador, leaf-mines, Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae, New species, South America, Stigmella baccharicola, Stigmella bipartita, Stigmella confertae, Stigmella emarginatae, Stigmella latifoliae, Stigmella tripartita}, isbn = {1175-5334}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4136.1.4}, url = {http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4136.1.4}, author = {Stonis, Jonas R and Di{\v s}kus, Arunas and Remeikis, Andrius and Davis, Donald R. and Solis, M. Alma and Torres, Nixon Cumbicus} } @article {8193, title = {Southern Andean Stigmella sinuosa complex (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae): unraveling problematic taxonomy with a pictorial key of adults?}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4136}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {2016-07-06}, pages = {309-322}, edition = {2016-07-06}, abstract = {

On the basis of morphological studies of a collection sample from the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, we describe and name two new species of Stigmella Schrank (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae): S. sinuosa Remeikis \& Stonis, sp. nov. and S. mevia Remeikis \& Stonis, sp. nov. Other two new species are documented but left unnamed. All treated taxa belong to a newly designated S. sinuosa complex that belongs to the S. salicis group. The S. sinuosa complex contains cryptic species. We also discuss the differentiation of the species of the complex by using morphological characters.

}, keywords = {Argentina, Chile, Lepidoptera, Neotropic, Nepticulidae, New species, South America, Stigmella mevia, Stigmella sinuosa}, isbn = {1175-5334}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4136.2.3}, author = {Stonis, Jonas R. and Remeikis, Andrius} } @article {7897, title = {First description of leaf-mining Nepticulidae and Tischeriidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera) feeding on the Chilean endemic plant genus Podanthus Lag. (Asteraceae)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4061}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {2016-01-05}, pages = {119-130}, edition = {2016-01-06}, abstract = {

Despite taxonomic and conservation interest in the Chilean endemic plant genus Podanthus Lag. (Asteraceae: subfamily Asteroideae , tribe Heliantheae ), no Podanthus -feeding Nepticulidae or Tischeriidae have ever been recorded. Here, on the basis of material reared from Podanthus from central Mediterranean Chile, we present the description of Stigmella podanthae sp. nov. (Nepticulidae) and a re-description of Astrotischeria chilei Puplesis \& Di\škus, 2003. Females and host-plant of the latter species were previously unknown. Both treated species are illustrated with numerous photographs of the leaf-mines, adults of both sexes, and male and female genitalia. \ 

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, Astrotischeria chilei, Chile, leaf-mines, Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae, New species, Podanthus, South America, Stigmella.podanthae}, isbn = {1175-5334}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4061.2.2}, url = {http://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4061.2.2}, author = {Stonis, Jonas R and Di{\v s}kus, Arunas and Remeikis, Andrius and Torres, Nixon Cumbicus} }