@article {8218, title = {Phylogeny, classification and divergence times of pygmy leafmining moths (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae): the earliest lepidopteran radiation on Angiosperms?}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {42}, year = {2016}, month = {2016-10-31}, pages = {267-287}, abstract = {

Nepticulidae is one of the early diverging Lepidoptera lineages, and currently comprises over 850 described species. The larvae of the vast majority of the species are leafminers on Angiosperms and highly monophagous, which has led to persistent ideas on coevolution with their plant hosts. We here present a molecular phylogeny based on eight gene fragments from 355 species, representing 20 out of 22 extant Nepticulidae genera. Using two fossil calibration points, we performed molecular dating to place the origin of the family in the Early Cretaceous, before the main Angiosperm diversification. Based on our results we propose a new classification, abandoning all ranks between family and genus, as well as subgenera to allow for a stable classification. The position of Enteucha within Nepticulidae remains somewhat ambiguous, and the species rich cosmopolitan genus Stigmella, with nearly half of all described Nepticulidae, requires further study. Ectoedemia, Zimmermannia, Acalyptris, Etainia, Parafomoria, Muhabbetana and Fomoria appear to have diversified in a relatively short evolutionary period, leading to short branches in the molecular phylogeny and unclear suprageneric relations. Otherwise supports throughout the phylogeny are mostly high and the species groups, genera and higher clades are discussed in respect to their supporting morphological and life history characters. Wing venation characters are confirmed to mostly be reliable and relevant for classification, but some other characters previously used require re-interpretation. The species groups of most genera are recovered, but only partly so in the large genus Stigmella. The molecular dating results are compared with existing knowledge on the timing of the Angiosperm radiation and reveal that the diversification of Nepticulidae could largely have been contemporaneous with their hosts, although some of the genera restricted to a single plant family appear to have begun to diversify before their hosts. This is the first published update on the full classification of Nepticulidae in over 15 years, and the first time that more than two Nepticulidae taxa are included in molecular dating estimates.

}, keywords = {Acalyptris, Acalyptris platani group, Acalyptris psammophricta group, Acalyptris scirpi group, Acalyptris staticis group, Areticulata, Bohemannia, Bohemannia pulverosella, Casanovula, CRETACEOUS, Ectoedemia, Ectoedemia angulifasciella, Ectoedemia angulifasciella group, Ectoedemia commiphorella group, Ectoedemia occultella, Ectoedemia populella group, Ectoedemia quadrinotata, Ectoedemia subbimaculella group, Enteucha, Enteucha basidactyla, Enteucha gilvafascia, Etainia, Etainia obtusa, Fomoria, Fomoria groschkei group, Fomoria vannifera, Fomoria vannifera group, Fomoria viridissimella, Fomoria weaveri group, glaucolepis, Glaucolepis argentosa, Glaucolepis headleyella group, Glaucolepis oishiella, Glaucolepis raikhonae, Glaucolepis raikhonae group, Glaucolepis saccharella, Glaucolepis saccharella group, Hesperolyra, Leafmines, Levarchama, Menurella, Menurella xenadelpha, Molecular clock, Molecular phylogenetics, Morphology, Muhabbetana, Muhabbetana grandinosa, Neotrifurcula, Nepticulidae, Opostega, Opostega salaciella, Opostegidae, Opostegoides, Ozadelpha, Ozadelpha conostegiae, Ozadelpha EvN4680, Ozadelpha guajavae, Parafomoria, Pectinivalva, phylogeny, Pseudopostega, Pygmy moths, Roscidotoga, Simplimorpha, Simplimorpha lanceifoliella, Simplimorpha promissa, Stigmella, Stigmella anomalella group, Stigmella aurella group, Stigmella betulicola group, Stigmella epicosma group, Stigmella floslactella group, Stigmella hybnerella group, Stigmella intronia, Stigmella irregularis group, Stigmella lapponica group, Stigmella lemniscella group, Stigmella malella, Stigmella naturnella, Stigmella ogygia group, Stigmella oxyacanthella group, Stigmella paliurella group, Stigmella paradoxa group, Stigmella prunifoliella group, Stigmella quercipulchella group, Stigmella ruficapitella group, Stigmella saginella group, Stigmella salicis group, Stigmella sanguisorbae group, Stigmella slingerlandella, Stigmella tricentra, Stigmella ulmivora group, Stigmella ultima group, Trifurcula, Trifurcula cryptella group, Trifurcula pallidella group, Trifurcula subnitidella group, Varius, Zimmermannia}, doi = {10.1111/syen.12212}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syen.12212/full}, author = {Doorenweerd, Camiel and Nieukerken, Erik J. van and Hoare, Robert J. B.} } @article {8191, title = {Kosta Rikos (Centrine Amerika) biologine ivairove: mokslo faktai ar artefaktai? High biodiversity in Costa Rica (Central America): facts or artifacts?}, journal = {Lietuvos Biologine Ivairove: Bukle, Struktura, Apsauga}, volume = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {99-106}, keywords = {Lepidoptera, Lithuania, Neosopostega, Opostegidae, Pseudopostega}, isbn = {1822-2781}, url = {http://www.biotaxonomy.eu/files/Publikacijos/136_\%20Stigmella\%20sakhalinella\%2052_57\%20pp.pdf}, author = {Stonis, Jonas Rimantas and Davis, Donald R. and Di{\v s}kus, Arunas} } @book {8062, title = {Catalogus Lepidopterorum Fenniae et Scandinaviae, Microlepidoptera.}, year = {1971}, pages = {1-40}, publisher = {Helsigin Hy{\"o}nteisvaihtoyhdistys}, organization = {Helsigin Hy{\"o}nteisvaihtoyhdistys}, address = {Helsinki}, keywords = {Bohemannia, Country checklist, Denmark, Ectoedemia, Etainia, Finland, Fomoria, glaucolepis, Lepidoptera, Levarchama, Microlepidoptera, Nepticula scandicella, Nepticulidae, Norway, Opostega, Opostegidae, Pseudopostega, Stigmella, Sweden, Trifurcula, Zimmermannia}, author = {Krogerus, H. and Opheim, M. and Schantz, M. von and Svensson, I. and Wolff, N.} } @book {8005, title = {A handbook of British Lepidoptera}, year = {1895}, month = {1895-10-23}, pages = {vi+843}, publisher = {Macmillan \& Co}, organization = {Macmillan \& Co}, address = {London}, keywords = {Bohemannia, Britain, Ectoedemia, Enteucha, Etainia, Fomoria, glaucolepis, Lepidoptera, Levarchama, Nepticulidae, Opostega, Opostegidae, Pseudopostega, Scoliaula, Stigmella, Trifurcula, Zimmermannia}, author = {Meyrick, E.} } @inbook {8002, title = {Superfam. Tineides Aculeatae}, booktitle = {Die sogenannten Kleinschmetterlinge Europas, einschliesslich der primitiven Familien der sogenannten Grossschmetterlinge, sowie der Nolidae, Syntomidae und Arctiidae}, year = {1913}, pages = {464-482, pl. 91}, publisher = {Schweizerbart}, organization = {Schweizerbart}, address = {Stuttgart}, keywords = {Acalyptris, Bohemannia, Bucculatrix antispilella, Ectoedemia, Enteucha, Etainia, Europe, Fomoria, glaucolepis, Identification, Lepidoptera, Levarchama, Microlepidoptera, Nepticula heurema, Nepticulidae, Opostega, Opostegidae, Opostegoides, Parafomoria, Pseudopostega, Simplimorpha, Stigmella, Trifurcula, Zimmermannia}, author = {Meess, A.}, editor = {Spuler, A.} } @article {7932, title = {Novye i maloizvestnye Opostegidy (Lepidoptera, Opostegidae) iz Aziatskoj chasti SSSR. (New and little known opostegid moths (Lepidoptera, Opostegidae) from Asiatic parts of the USSR)}, journal = {Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta}, volume = {134}, year = {1985}, pages = {49-58}, abstract = {

Opostega- ( Opostega- ) angulata-Gerasimov-1930 ( Opostegidae- ) : Lectotype-designated, P.-51;Opostega- ( Opostega- ) kuznetzovi- ( Opostegidae- ) : Sp-nov, Russian-SFSR, P.-53, fig\&$\#$39;d;Opostega- ( Opostega- ) rezniki- ( Opostegidae- ) : Sp-nov, Kazakhstan-, P.-51, fig\&$\#$39;d;Opostega- ( Opostega- ) stekolnikovi- ( Opostegidae- ) : Sp-nov, Russian-SFSR, P.-53, fig\&$\#$39;d;Opostega- ( Pseudopostega- ) ( Opostegidae- ) : Subgen-nov, Type-species-Tinea-auritella-Hubner-1813, p.-53;Opostega- ( Pseudopostega- ) crepusculella-lvovskyi ( Opostegidae- ) : Subsp-nov, Russian-SFSR, P.-54, fig\&$\#$39;d;Opostega-minodensis-Kuroko-1982 ( Opostegidae- ) : Designated-type-species-for-new-genus, Opostegoides-, p.-54;Opostegoides- ( Opostegidae- ) : Gen-nov, Type-species-Opostega-minodensis-Kuroko-1982, p.-54;Opostegoides-omelkoi ( Opostegidae- ) : Sp-nov, Russian-SFSR, P.-57, fig\&$\#$39;d;Opostegoides-sinevi ( Opostegidae- ) : Sp-nov, Russian-SFSR, P.-55, fig\&$\#$39;d;Pseudopostega- ( Opostegidae- ) : New-subgenus, See-Opostega ( Pseudopostega- ) ;Tinea-auritella-Hubner-1813 ( Opostegidae- ) : Designated-type-species-for-new-subgenus, Opostega- ( Pseudopostega- ) , p.-53

}, keywords = {Kazakhstan, Lepidoptera, New species, Opostega angulata, Opostega cretatella, Opostega kuznetzovi, Opostega rezniki, Opostega spatulella, Opostega stekolnikovi, Opostegidae, Opostegoides, Opostegoides minodensis, Opostegoides omelkoi, Opostegoides sinevi, Pseudopostega, Pseudopostega auritella, Pseudopostega crepusculella}, author = {Kozlov, M. V.} } @article {7908, title = {Generic revision of the Opostegidae, with a synoptic catalogue of the world{\textquoteright}s species (Lepidoptera: Nepticuloidea)}, journal = {Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology}, volume = {478}, year = {1989}, note = {Opostegidae (Nepticuloidea): Key to genera, P. 30;Eosopostega (Opostegidae): Gen nov, Type species E. issikii, p. 41;Eosopostega issikii (Opostegidae): Sp nov, Japan, P. 42, fig{\textquoteright}d;Notiopostega (Opostegidae): Gen nov, Type species N. atrata, p. 30;Notiopostega atrata (Opostegidae): Sp nov, Chile, P. 32, fig{\textquoteright}d;Opostega (Pseudopostega) Kozlov 1985 (Opostegidae): Raised to, Pseudopostega, p. 62;Opostega acidata Meyrick 1915 (Opostegidae): Lectotype designated, P. 75;Opostega afghani (Opostegidae): Sp nov, Afghanistan, P. 62, fig{\textquoteright}d;Opostega basilissa Meyrick 1893 (Opostegidae): Lectotype designated, P. 73;Opostega bistrigulella Braun 1918 (Opostegidae): Lectotype designated, P. 76;Opostega callosa Swezey 1921 (Opostegidae): Designated type species for new genus, Paralopostega, p. 52;Opostega centrospila Turner 1923 (Opostegidae): Referred to, Bucculatrix, p. 2;Opostega chalcoplethes Turner 1923 (Opostegidae): Lectotype designated, P. 73;Opostega cretea Meyrick 1920 (Opostegidae): Lectotype designated, P. 76;Opostega dives Walsingham 1907 (Opostegidae): Referred to new genus, Paralopostega, p. 72;Opostega epistolaris Meyrick 1911 (Opostegidae): Lectotype designated, P. 74;Opostega filiforma Swezey 1921 (Opostegidae): Referred to new genus, Paralopostega, p. 72;Opostega frigida Meyrick 1906 (Opostegidae): Lectotype designated, P. 74;Opostega gephyraea Meyrick 1881 (Opostegidae): Referred to, Opostegoides, p. 51;Opostega ishnophaea Meyrick 1930 (Opostegidae): Referred to, Petasobathra, p. 2;Opostega leucoprepes Bradley 1961 (Opostegidae): Referred to, Lyonetia, p. 2;Opostega maculata Walsingham 1907 (Opostegidae): Referred to new genus, Paralopostega, p. 72;Opostega menthinella Mann 1855 (Opostegidae): Referred to, Opostegoides, p. 51;Opostega microlepta Meyrick 1915 (Opostegidae): Lectotype designated, P. 76;Opostega nonstrigella Chambers 1881 (Opostegidae): Lectotype designated, P. 76;Opostega peleana Swezey 1921 (Opostegidae): Referred to new genus, Paralopostega, p. 73;Opostega phaeopasta Turner 1923 (Opostegidae): Referred to, Leucoptera, p. 2;Opostega serpentina Swezey 1921 (Opostegidae): Referred to new genus, Paralopostega, p. 73;Opostega spatulella Herrich-Schaffer 1855 (Opostegidae): Lectotype designated, P. 75;Opostega stiriella Meyrick 1881 (Opostegidae): Lectotype designated, P. 75;Opostega tetroa Meyrick 1907 (Opostegidae): Lectotype designated, P. 75;Opostega trinidadensis Busck 1910 (Opostegidae): Lectotype designated, P. 77;Opostega venticola Walsingham 1897 (Opostegidae): Lectotype designated, P. 77;Opostegoides gephyraea (Meyrick 1881) (Opostegidae): Comb nov, Transferred from, Opostega, p. 51;Opostegoides malaysiensis (Opostegidae): Sp nov, Malaysia, P. 52, fig{\textquoteright}d;Opostegoides menthinella (Mann 1855) (Opostegidae): Comb nov, Transferred from, Opostega, p. 51;Paralopostega (Opostegidae): Gen nov, Type species Opostega callosa Swezey 1921, p. 52;Paralopostega dives (Walsingham 1907) (Opostegidae): Comb nov, Transferred from, Opostega, p. 72;Paralopostega filiforma (Swezey 1921) (Opostegidae): Comb nov, Transferred from, Opostega, p. 72;Paralopostega maculata (Walsingham 1907) (Opostegidae): Comb nov, Transferred from, Opostega, p. 72;Paralopostega peleana (Swezey 1921) (Opostegidae): Comb nov, Transferred from, Opostega, p. 73;Paralopostega serpentina (Swezey 1921) (Opostegidae): Comb nov, Transferred from, Opostega, p. 73;Pseudopostega Kozlov 1985 (Opostegidae): Raised from, Opostega (Pseudopostega), p. 62;Bucculatrix centrospila (Turner 1923) (Bucculatrigidae): Comb nov, Transferred from, Opostega, p. 2;Leucoptera phaeopasta (Turner 1923) (Lyonetiidae): Comb nov, Transferred from, Opostega, p. 2;Lyonetia leucoprepes (Bradley 1961) (Lyonetiidae): Comb nov, Transferred from, Opostega, p. 2;Petasobathra ishnophaea (Meyrick 1930) (Lyonetiidae): Comb nov, Transferred from, Opostega, p. 2.}, pages = {1-97}, abstract = {

Larval, pupal, and adult morphology, biogeography, and generic classification of the monotrysian family Opostegidae are reviewed. Three new genera Notiopostega, Eosopostega, and Paralopostega are proposed, and the former subgenus Pseudopostega Kozlov is raised to generic status. Also described for the first time arefour new species, Notiopostega atrata from Chile, Eosopostega issikii from Japan, Opostegoides malaysiensis from Malaysia, and Opostega afghani from Afghanistan. A synoptic catalog listing 106 specific names grouped under the above six genera is also included. Information relating to the type, type locality, and general collecting data is provided for each name. The text is supplemented by numerous SEM photographs and line drawings of larval, pupal, and adult morphological structures.

}, keywords = {Bucculatrix centrospila, Eosopostega, Eosopostega issikii, Leucoptera phaeopasta, Lyonetia leucoprepes, Notiopostega, Notiopostega atrata, Opostega, Opostega acidata, Opostega afghani, Opostega basilissa, Opostega bistrigulella, Opostega callosa, Opostega centrospila, Opostega chalcoplethes, Opostega cretea, Opostega dives, Opostega epistolaris, Opostega filiforma, Opostega frigida, Opostega gephyraea, Opostega ishnophaea, Opostega leucoprepes, Opostega maculata, Opostega menthinella, Opostega microlepta, Opostega nonstrigella, Opostega peleana, Opostega phaeopasta, Opostega serpentina, Opostega spatulella, Opostega stiriella, Opostega tetroa, Opostega trinidadensis, Opostega venticola, Opostegidae, Opostegoides gephyraea, Opostegoides malaysiensis, Opostegoides menthinella, Paralopostega, Paralopostega callosa, Paralopostega dives, Paralopostega filiforma, Paralopostega maculata, Paralopostega peleana, Paralopostega serpentina, Petasobathra ishnophaea, Pseudopostega}, doi = {10.5479/si.00810282.478}, author = {Davis, D. R.} } @article {7891, title = {Versuch einer naturgem{\"a}ssen Eintheilung der Schaben}, journal = {Isis von Oken}, volume = {1839}, number = {3}, year = {1839}, month = {1839}, pages = {167-220}, keywords = {Ectoedemia argyropeza, Ectoedemia occultella, Ectoedemia sericopeza, Etainia sericopeza, Germany, Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae, New genus, New species, Opostega salaciella, Opostegidae, Poland, Pseudopostega, Stigmella aurella, Stigmella lemniscella, Stigmella samiatella, Trifurcula immundella}, author = {Zeller, P. C.} } @article {7833, title = {Descriptions of South African Micro-Lepidoptera, 4}, journal = {Annals of the Transvaal Museum}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, year = {1913}, month = {1913-01}, pages = {267-336}, keywords = {Ectoedemia primaria, Ectoedemia stimulata, Lepidoptera, Nepticula ingens, Nepticula nigrata, Nepticula primaria, Nepticula stimulata, Nepticula urbica, Nepticulidae, New species, Opostega, Opostega amphimitra, Opostega clastozona, Opostega granifera, Opostega praefusca, Opostega radiosa, Opostegidae, Pseudopostega, South Africa, Stigmella ingens, Stigmella nigrata, Stigmella urbica}, author = {Meyrick, E.} } @article {7689, title = {Einige Tineen aus Texas}, journal = {Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung}, volume = {37}, number = {4-6}, year = {1876}, month = {1876-06}, pages = {209-228}, keywords = {Lepidoptera, Nepticula dallasiana, Nepticulidae, New species, Opostega accessoriella, Opostegidae, Pseudopostega, Pseudopostega quadristrigella, Rubus, Stigmella, Stigmella villosella, USA}, url = {http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8987937}, author = {Frey, H. and Boll, J.} } @inbook {7437, title = {Opostegidae}, booktitle = {The Nepticulidae and Opostegidae (Lepidoptera) of North West Europe}, series = {Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica}, volume = {23}, year = {1990}, month = {1990-01}, pages = {357-372}, keywords = {Belgium, Britain, Denmark, Europe, Finland, Germany, hostplants, Lycopus, Netherlands, Norway, Opostega, Opostega bimaculatella, Opostega costantiniella, Opostega heringella, Opostega salaciella, Opostega spatulella, Opostegidae, Poland, Pseudopostega, Pseudopostega auritella, Pseudopostega crepusculella, Sweden}, author = {Erik J. van Nieukerken} } @article {7414, title = {Exotic Microlepidoptera}, journal = {Exotic Microlepidoptera}, volume = {2}, number = {12}, year = {1920}, note = {Marlborough}, month = {1920-12}, pages = {353-384}, keywords = {Brazil, Canada, India, Opostega cretea, Opostega pexa, Opostega scioterma, Opostega subviolacea, Opostega velifera, Opostegidae, Opostegoides, Opostegoides scioterma, Pseudopostega, Pseudopostega cretea, Pseudopostega pexa, Pseudopostega subviolacea, Pseudopostega velifera}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37719$\#$page/406/mode/2up}, author = {Meyrick, E.} } @article {7410, title = {Exotic Microlepidoptera}, journal = {Exotic Microlepidoptera}, volume = {1}, number = {11}, year = {1915}, note = {Marlborough}, month = {1915-09}, pages = {321-352}, keywords = {Assam, Australia, India, Lepidoptera, Opostega, Opostega arthrota, Opostega chordacta, Opostega luticilia, Opostega nephelozona, Opostega pelorrhoa, Opostega scoliozona, Opostega spilodes, Opostega uvida, Opostegidae, Opostegoides, Opostegoides nephelozona, Opostegoides pelorrhoa, Opostegoides uvida, Pseudopostega, Pseudopostega spilodes, Queensland, Sri Lanka}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/39853$\#$page/372/mode/2up}, author = {Meyrick, E.} } @book {6023, title = {An attempt at a systematic catalogue of the British Tineidae \& Pterophoridae}, year = {1849}, pages = {iv+ 32}, publisher = {John van Voorst}, organization = {John van Voorst}, address = {London}, abstract = {

spp. n.: Nepticula angulifasciella, septembrella, Trifurcula squamatella, T. pulverosella

}, keywords = {Bohemannia pulverosella, Ectoedemia angulifasciella, Ectoedemia septembrella, Fomoria septembrella, Great Britain, Lepidoptera, Microlepidoptera, Nepticulidae, New species, Opostega, Opostegidae, Pseudopostega, Stigmella, Trifurcula squamatella}, url = {http://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/varia/id/5427655}, author = {Stainton, H. T.} }