Stigmella dryadella

Diagnostic description: 

Diagnosis.  Similar to S. tormentillella and female S. stelviana;  see these two species above.  Male genitalia: see S. tormentillella.  The  female genitalia of S. dryadella, S. poterii, S. filipendulae and S.  ulmariae probably not reliably separable; dryadella frequently has longer and stronger apophyses.

Morphology: 

Male. Wingspan: 4.5-5.5 mm.  Head: frontal tuft and vertex dark  grey-brown to black; collar dark brown; scape shining pale golden; antenna  three-quarters length of forewing, dark grey-brown.  Thorax dark brown.  Forewing: area proximal to fascia greenish golden to deep brownish golden,  at base and before fascia dark copper brown; fascia at three-fifths, distinct,  pale golden; distal to fascia dark copper brown with purple reflections;  terminal cilia grey.  Hindwing and cilia grey.  Abdomen dark grey. Female. Wingspan: 4.5-5.5 mm. Male genitalia. Genitalia relatively large.  Vinculum  short; anterior margin with shallow emargination.  Uncus short, with  distinct, deep medial emargination and distinct paramedial notches.  Valva  broad; distal process short, pointed, directed inwards.  Transtilla with  straight transverse bar, forming obtuse angle to lateral arms; sublateral  processes absent.  Juxta absent.  Aedeagus slightly longer than genital  capsule; with one long, curved cornutus near tip having broad base and a  proximal row of about 30 cornuti of different size. Female genitalia. Corpus bursae small, without  pectinations.  Vestibulum moderate, bilobed.  Accessory sac about as large  corpus bursae.  Ductus spermathecae without spines.  Apophyses short and  strong.  Ovipositor not protruding.

Associations: 

Host plant:  Dryas octopetala.  Egg: laid on edge or lower  surface of leaf.  Larva: yellow.  Mine: follows the serrations along the  margin of the leaf for about 10 mm and then abruptly widens into a blotch  occupying about half the leaf.  Cocoon:  brown. 

Distribution: 

Not in Denmark.  In northernmost Sweden from Lu.Lpm.  and T.Lpm.  In Norway only from Sti. Finland: Ks and Le. - Ireland, Scotland,  Poland (Tatra), the Alps from France to Austria and N. Italy. 

Life cycle: 

Voltinism: in Ireland and  Scotland regarded as bivoltine (Emmet, 1976).  In the Austrian Alps regarded  as univoltine (Klimesch, 1981).  There seem to be remarkable differences  between different populations and altitudes.  According to the original  description (Hofmann, 1868), mining larvae collected at Oberaudorf,  Bavaria, in mid-September pupated in the autumn.  The moths emerged in the  middle of June the following year.  According to Wocke (1877 - N. Italy,  Stelvio), Borkowski (1970 - Poland, Tatra), and Klimesch (1981 - Austria,  Hinterstoder) all or the majority of the larvae hibernate in the mines and  can be collected after the snow-melt, from March to late June depending  on altitude.  Moths have been collected all through the spring and summer,  in N. Italy as late as October (EJvN).  In northern Scandinavia and  France all larvae leave the mines in the autumn.  In N. Scandinavia larvae  have been collected from mid-July to late August, moths from early July to  late August.  On sunny subalpine and alpine limestone slopes up to about  2400 m (Huemer, 1985).  In Scandinavia from ca 350 to 700 m, but in Ireland along the  coast (Burren). 


Citation: 

Description based on Johansson and Nielsen (1990)

Notes on description: 
North Scandinavian specimens differ markedly from central European specimens as described above in having less contrasting wing pattern, head grey to pale grey-brown, forewing grey-brown with some greenish tinge and less shining appearance; fascia white, sometimes reduced.
Scratchpads developed and conceived by (alphabetical): Ed Baker, Katherine Bouton Alice Heaton Dimitris Koureas, Laurence Livermore, Dave Roberts, Simon Rycroft, Ben Scott, Vince Smith