Stigmella tormentillella

Diagnostic description: 

Diagnosis.  This species is recognized by its very small size and the  strongly inwardly oblique fascia on the distal part of the forewing.  The  male genitalia of tormentillella, S. dryadella, S. poterii, S. filipendulae  and S. ulmariae each have a large and variable apical cornutus in the aedeagus;  tormentillella differs from the three last mentioned in having a proximal  row of strong cornuti in the aedeagus; the tip of the valva is blunter in  tormentillella than in dryadella, and dryadella has about 30 proximal  cornuti in the aedeagus in contrast to tormentillella's 15 to 20.  The  female genitalia are characteristic by the narrow vestibulum.  

Morphology: 

Male. Wingspan: 3.3-3.8 mm.  Head: frontal tuft grey-brown,  vertex black; collar dark grey; scape white; antenna three-quarters length  of forewing, dark grey-brown.  Forewing: area proximal to fascia greenish  golden, purplish brown towards fascia; fascia shining silvery, distinctly  inwardly oblique, to four-fifths on costa and two-thirds on dorsum; distal  to fascia purplish brown; terminal cilia pale grey-brown.  Hindwing and  cilia pale grey.  Abdomen dark grey. Female. Wingspan: 3.5-4.2 mm.  Darker than male.  Frontal tuft black.  Antenna two-thirds length of forewing.  Forewing with  more contrasting wing pattern, shining brownish golden, before and beyond  fascia dark purplish brown; fascia more distinct than in male, greenish  silvery.  Hindwing grey.  Abdomen dark grey to black. Male genitalia. Vinculum short; anterior margin almost  straight to very shallowly emarginate.  Uncus broad, subtriangular; medial  notch variably broad, deep; paramedial notches small to indistinct.  Valva  broad, tip broadly rounded or with broad, triangular distal process.  Transtilla broad and relatively long, sublateral processes very short.  Juxta  present.  Aedeagus about as long as genital capsule; with a long, usually  curved, large cornutus and a few smaller spines near tip, proximal part  with 15-20 strong cornuti in a row and many fine spines. Female genitalia. Corpus bursae without pectinations.  Vestibulum narrow.  Accessory sac smaller than corpus bursae.  Ductus  spermathecae without spines.  Apophyses sharply pointed.

Associations: 

Host plants:  Potentilla aurea, P. crantzii, P. erecta, P.  tabernaemontani and possibly other Potentilla species.  Egg: on underside of  leaf.  Larva:  yellow.  Mine : at first a narrow linear mine  following a vein or the leaf margin, with frass in an uninterrupted central  line; second half widening into a blotch, sometimes occupying the entire  leaf, with frass irregularly scattered.  Cocoon:  yellowish brown.  

Distribution: 

Not in Denmark and Fennoscandia. - In Germany from Hartz  and northern DDR, Eifel and Regensburg, Poland, Austria, Switzerland, N.  Italy and S. France (East Pyrenees), Roumania.

Life cycle: 

Voltinism:  one generation per year in higher altitudes, and two annual generations in  lower localities.  Mines from late August and September-October.  A mainly  alpine species from alpine meadows, along roadsides and stony places to  about 2200 m altitude, but also found in the lower mountains and several  lowland localities in C. Europe. 



Citation: 

Description based on Johansson and Nielsen (1990)

Notes on description: 
Specimens from the Pyrenees are darker, less brown than Alpine spcimens from Austria and Switzerland. Klimesch (1948: 69) erroneously illustrated and described tormentillella as Stigmella crantziella Weber.
Scratchpads developed and conceived by (alphabetical): Ed Baker, Katherine Bouton Alice Heaton Dimitris Koureas, Laurence Livermore, Dave Roberts, Simon Rycroft, Ben Scott, Vince Smith